Chuck Berry, Rock ’n’ Roll Pioneer, Dies at 90
Chuck Berry's Rock ’n’ Roll Legacy
Jon Pareles, a music critic for The
New York Times, reflects on the pioneering music and attitude of the
rock legend Chuck Berry.
By Carrie Halperin on Publish Date March 18, 2017.
Photo by Donal F. Holway/The New York Times.
Watch in Times Video »
Chuck
Berry, who with his indelible guitar licks, brash self-confidence and
memorable songs about cars, girls and wild dance parties did as much as
anyone to define rock ’n’ roll’s potential and attitude in its early
years, died on Saturday at his home near Wentzville, Mo. He was 90.
The St. Charles County Police Department confirmed his death on its Facebook page.
The department said that it responded to a medical emergency at the
home, about 45 miles west of St. Louis, and that lifesaving measures
were unsuccessful.
While
Elvis Presley was rock’s first pop star and teenage heartthrob, Mr.
Berry was its master theorist and conceptual genius, the songwriter who
understood what the kids wanted before they knew themselves. With songs
like “Johnny B. Goode” and “Roll Over Beethoven,” he gave his listeners
more than they knew they were getting from jukebox entertainment.
His
guitar lines wired the lean twang of country and the bite of the blues
into phrases with both a streamlined trajectory and a long memory. And
tucked into the lighthearted, telegraphic narratives that he sang with
such clear enunciation was a sly defiance, upending convention to claim
the pleasures of the moment.
In
“Sweet Little Sixteen,” “You Can’t Catch Me” and other songs, Mr. Berry
invented rock as a music of teenage wishes fulfilled and good times
(even with cops in pursuit). In “Promised Land,” “Too Much Monkey
Business” and “Brown Eyed Handsome Man,” he celebrated and satirized
America’s opportunities and class tensions. His rock ’n’ roll was a
music of joyful lusts, laughed-off tensions and gleefully shattered
icons.
Mr.
Berry was already well past his teens when he wrote mid-1950s
manifestoes like “Roll Over Beethoven,” “Rock and Roll Music” and
“School Day.” Born Charles Edward Anderson Berry on Oct. 18, 1926, in
St. Louis, he grew up in a segregated, middle-class neighborhood there,
soaking up gospel, blues, and rhythm and blues, along with some country
music.
He
spent three years in reform school after a spree of car thefts and
armed robbery. He received a degree in hairdressing and cosmetology and
worked for a time as a beautician; he married Themetta Suggs in 1948 and
started a family. She survives him, as do four children: Ingrid Berry,
Melody Eskridge, Aloha Isa Leigh Berry and Charles Berry Jr.
By
the early 1950s, he was playing guitar and singing blues, pop standards
and an occasional country tune with local combos. Shortly after joining
Sir John’s Trio, led by the pianist Johnnie Johnson, he reshaped the group’s music and took it over.
From the Texas guitarist T-Bone Walker,
Mr. Berry picked up a technique of bending two strings at once that he
would rough up and turn into a rock ’n’ roll talisman, the Chuck Berry
lick, which would in turn be emulated by the Rolling Stones and
countless others. He also recognized the popularity of country music and
added some hillbilly twang to his guitar lines. Mr. Berry’s hybrid
music, along with his charisma and showmanship, drew white as well as
black listeners to the Cosmopolitan Club in St. Louis.
In
1955, Mr. Berry ventured to Chicago and asked one of his idols, the
bluesman Muddy Waters, about making records. Waters directed him to the
label he recorded for, Chess Records, where one of the owners, Leonard Chess, heard potential in Mr. Berry’s song “Ida Red.”
A
variant of an old country song by the same name, “Ida Red” had a 2/4
backbeat with a hillbilly oompah, while Mr. Berry’s lyrics sketched a
car chase, the narrator “motorvatin’”
after an elusive girl. Mr. Chess renamed the song “Maybellene,” and in a
long session on May 21, 1955, Mr. Chess and the bassist Willie Dixon
got the band to punch up the rhythm.
Chuck Berry Dies at 90
CreditFred R. Conrad/The New York Times
“The big beat, cars and young love,” Mr. Chess outlined. “It was a trend, and we jumped on it.”
The
music was bright and clear, a hard-swinging amalgam of country and
blues. More than 60 years later, it still sounds reckless and audacious.
Mr.
Berry articulated every word, with precise diction and no noticeable
accent, leading some listeners and concert promoters, used to a
different kind of rhythm-and-blues singer, to initially think that he
was white. Teenagers didn’t care; they heard a rocker who was ready to
take on the world.
The
song was sent to the disc jockey Alan Freed. Mr. Freed and another man,
Russ Fratto, were added to the credits as songwriters and got a share
of the publishing royalties. Played regularly on Mr. Freed’s show and
others, “Maybellene” reached No. 5 on the Billboard pop chart and was a
No. 1 R&B hit.
In
Mr. Berry’s groundbreaking early songs, his guitar twangs his famous
two-stringed lick. It also punches like a horn section and sasses back
at his own voice. The drummer eagerly socks the backbeat, and the
pianist — usually either Mr. Johnson or Lafayette Leake — hurls fistfuls
of tinkling anarchy all around him.
From
1955 to 1958, Mr. Berry knocked out classic after classic. Although he
was in his late 20s and early 30s, he came up with high school
chronicles and plugs for the newfangled music called rock ’n’ roll.
No
matter how calculated songs like “School Day” or “Rock and Roll Music”
may have been, they reached the Top 10, caught the early rock ’n’ roll
spirit and detailed its mythology. “Johnny B. Goode,” a Top 10 hit in
1958, told the archetypal story of a rocker who could “play the guitar
just like ringin’ a bell.”
Mr.
Berry toured with rock revues and performed in three movies with Mr.
Freed: “Rock, Rock, Rock,” “Mr. Rock and Roll” and “Go, Johnny, Go.” On
film and in concert, he dazzled audiences with his duck walk, a guitar-thrusting strut that involved kicking one leg forward and hopping on the other.
Through
the 1950s, Mr. Berry had pop hits with his songs about rock ’n’ roll
and R&B hits with less teenage-oriented material. He spun surreal
tall tales that Bob Dylan and John Lennon would learn from, like “Thirty
Days” and “Jo Jo Gunne.” In “Brown Eyed Handsome Man,” from 1956, he
offered a barely veiled racial pride. His pithiness and humor rarely
failed him.
In
1957, Mr. Berry bought 30 acres in Wentzville, where he built a
short-lived amusement park, Berry Park, and a restaurant, the Southern
Air. In 1958, he opened Club Bandstand in the theater district of St.
Louis.
In
the early 1960s, Mr. Berry’s songs inspired both California rock and
the British Invasion. The Beach Boys reworked his “Sweet Little Sixteen”
into “Surfin’ U.S.A.” (Mr. Berry sued them and won a songwriting
credit.) The Rolling Stones released a string of Berry songs, including
their first single, “Come On,” and the Beatles remade “Roll Over
Beethoven” and “Rock and Roll Music.”
But by the time his music started reaching a new audience, Mr. Berry was in jail.
He
had been arrested in 1959 and charged with transporting a teenage girl —
who briefly worked as a hatcheck girl at Club Bandstand — across state
lines for immoral purposes. He was tried twice and found guilty both
times; the first verdict was overturned because of racist remarks by the
judge. When he emerged from 20 months in prison in 1964, his wife had
left him (they later reconciled) and his songwriting spark had
diminished.
He
had not totally lost his touch, though, as demonstrated by the handful
of hits he had in 1964 and 1965, notably “Nadine,” “No Particular Place
to Go,” “You Never Can Tell” and “Promised Land.” He appeared in the
celebrated all-star 1964 concert film “The TAMI Show,” along with James
Brown, the Rolling Stones, Marvin Gaye, the Beach Boys and the Supremes.
While
he toured steadily through the 1960s, headlining or sharing bills with
bands that grew up on his songs, his recording career stalled after he
moved from Chess to Mercury Records in 1966. He remade some of his old
hits and tried to reach the new hippie audience, recording “Live at the
Fillmore Auditorium” with the Steve Miller Band, billed as the Steve
Miller Blues Band at the time. When he returned to Chess in 1970, he
recorded new songs, like “Tulane” and “Have Mercy Judge,” that flashed
his old wit but failed to reach the Top 40.
In
1972, Mr. Berry had the biggest hit of his career with “My
Ding-a-Ling,” a double-entendre novelty song that was included on the
album “The London Chuck Berry Sessions” (even though he recorded the
song not in London but at a concert in Coventry, England). The New
Orleans songwriter Dave Bartholomew wrote and recorded it in 1952; Mr.
Berry recorded a similar song, “My Tambourine,” in 1968, and is credited
on recordings as the sole songwriter of the 1972 “My Ding-a-Ling.”
It
was a million-seller and Mr. Berry’s first and only No. 1 pop single.
It was also his last hit. His 1973 follow-up album, “Bio,” was poorly
received; “Rockit,” released by Atlantic in 1979, did not sell. But he
stayed active: He appeared as himself in a 1979 movie about 1950s rock,
“American Hot Wax,” and he continued to tour constantly.
In
July 1979, he performed for President Jimmy Carter at the White House.
Three days later, he was sentenced to 120 days in federal prison and
four years’ probation for income tax evasion.
He
had further legal troubles in 1990 when the police raided his home and
found 62 grams of marijuana and videotapes from a camera in the women’s
room of his restaurant. In a plea bargain, he agreed to a misdemeanor
count of marijuana possession, with a suspended jail sentence and two
years’ probation.
By
the 1980s, Mr. Berry was recognized as a rock pioneer. He never won a
Grammy Award in his prime, but the Recording Academy gave him a lifetime
achievement award in 1984. He was in the first group of musicians
inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986.
Around
his 60th birthday that year, he allowed the director Taylor Hackford to
film him at his home in Wentzville for the documentary “Hail! Hail!
Rock ’n’ Roll,” which also included performances by Mr. Berry with a
band led by Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones and special guests.
“Chuck Berry: The Autobiography” was published in 1988.
Mr.
Berry continued performing well into his 80s. He usually played with
local pickup bands, as he had done for most of his career, but sometimes
he played with fellow rock stars. When the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
and Museum opened in Cleveland in 1995, Mr. Berry performed at an
inaugural concert, backed by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band.
In
2012, he headlined a Cleveland concert in his honor with a
genre-spanning bill that included Darryl McDaniels of Run-D.M.C. and
Merle Haggard. Although he told reporters before the show, “My singing
days have passed,” he performed “Johnny B. Goode” and “Reelin’ and
Rockin’” and joined the other musicians for the closing number, “Rock
and Roll Music.”
From 1996 to 2014, Mr. Berry performed once a month at Blueberry Hill, a restaurant in St. Louis where he appeared regularly until Oct. 24.
He
made a surprising announcement on his 90th birthday, Oct. 18, 2016: He
was planning to release his first studio album in almost 40 years. The
album, called simply “Chuck” and scheduled for release in June, was to
consist primarily of new compositions.
And Mr. Berry’s music has remained on tour extraterrestrially. “Johnny B. Goode” is on golden records within the Voyager I and II spacecraft, launched in 1977 and awaiting discovery.
Christopher Mele contributed reporting.
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